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Immunomodulatory properties of helminth-produced molecules and their effect during autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases
Moravcová, Johana ; Šmídová, Barbora (advisor) ; Kolářová, Iva (referee)
Parasitic helminths produce excretion/secretion products (ESP) that affect the host's immune system to prevent damage or exclusion of the parasite. In recent decades, individual ESP molecules have been the focus of research for the treatment of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases due to their immunomodulatory potential. Diseases that have been investigated in this context include ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and allergic asthma. Among the pleiad of helminths and their immunomodulatory molecules, it is worth mentioning Acanthocheilonema viteae (Av17), Ancylostoma caninum (NIF), Ascaris lumbricoides (Al-CPI), Brugia malayi (BMCys), Clonorchis sinensis (CsStefin-1), Fasciola hepatica (FhHDM-1), Heligmosomoides polygyrus (HpTGM), Schistosoma japonicum (SjCystatin) and Schistosoma mansoni (Omega-1). The main effects of these molecules on the host immune system include affecting the function of dendritic cells and macrophages, influencing cytokine production and reducing the Th1 immune response, which usually leads to alleviation of disease symptoms. Based on the current state of knowledge, it is not yet certain how the molecules will work in treating patients and whether they will have the same effect when administered in the long term. Despite...
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Prevention and diagnosis of HIV infection
JANKOVCOVÁ, Jana
The title of this bachelor thesis is "HIV Prevention and Diagnosis". HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus, which is divided into HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV infection has three stages, which are defined by the number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes in the blood and have different clinical symptoms. The last stage of HIV infection is AIDS, which stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The main mode of transmission of the virus is sexual contact, followed by blood transmission and mother-to-child transmission. The main treatment for HIV/AIDS is antiretroviral chemotherapy and prophylaxis for opportunistic infections. Prevention is important and includes pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis and barrier protection. HIV diagnosis is most commonly based on ELISA and western blotting. Rapid tests are also used for diagnosis. For my thesis, I set the main goal, namely to find out what is the awareness of the young generation in South Bohemia about HIV issues. For this goal I set one hypothesis, namely that I assume that awareness is low and that most of the population does not know how to protect themselves effectively. To achieve this goal I used a questionnaire survey. The second goal of my work was to conduct my own laboratory research on HIV testing in different groups of people, and my hypothesis for this goal was that I assumed that there would be a minimal number of reactive samples in the research, since the prevalence of HIV in the Czech Republic is low. The questionnaire survey showed that my hypothesis was correct, and that the majority of the population that is sexually active cannot effectively protect themselves, and that awareness of HIV issues is insufficient. The laboratory investigation, which took place over a period of one month, also confirmed my hypothesis; no sample was reactive.
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Paraarticular ossifications after total hip replacement. Modalities of preoperative and postoperative reduction interventions
Debre, Ján ; Dungl, Pavel (advisor) ; Tuček, Michal (referee) ; Dufek, Pavel (referee)
1 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Heterotopic ossification is frequent and well known complication after primary total hip arthroplasty. Prophylaxis is crucial, ohterwise when ossification is matured, the only treatment option is surgical removal during revision hip surgery. Prophylaxis options are pre, peri- and postoperative modalities. Effectiveness of the profylaxis step sis the aim of this disertation. The goal of Study 1 was to prove the positive side effect of tranexamic acid application to reduce the heterotopic ossification ratio after elective total hip replacement. The goal of Study 2 was to prove the reduction in HO ratio with experimental modification of anterolateral approach with electrosurgery. The goal of Study 3 was to detect the knowledge among czech orthopaedic surgeons in ossification issues and compare the results of questionnaire with german results. 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS Study 1 Cohort of 401 total hip replacements were assessed prospectivelly. Stratification of particular degrees in Brooker scale, sex, laterality and fixation type were evaluated. The average follow up was 6,10 year (40m to 113m). Hips from 2012 are referential and hips from 2016 are administered to tranexamic acid procotol. Other secondary prophylactic modalities (farmacoprophylaxy or radiotherapy), tertiary...
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Patients' awareness of prevention of Venous Thromboembolism
Buriánková, Hana ; Tomová, Šárka (advisor) ; Hlaváčová, Marie (referee)
Bachelor thesis 'Patients' awareness of Venous Thromboembolism prevention' focuses on one of the many major issues of general medicine, which may eventually take terminal course for the ill. As Venous Thromboembolism (further as TEN) is mostly a threat to patients after surgical intervention and the risk of its occurrence may be significantly mitigated through sound prevention, the aim of this bachelor thesis is to find out whether patients are duly acquainted with this disease and its prevention, enabling them to eliminate the associated risk. This thesis further investigates whether the patients are informed no later than before the surgery, who provides them with this information and it examines the level of overall nursing prevention. The research was performed on the basis of questionnaires filled in by patients of selected surgical departments in the Motol University Hospital.
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Dental Prophylaxis in Dogs
Franeková, Tereza ; Karlasová, Barbora (advisor) ; Marcela, Marcela (referee)
The thesis explores the canine oral cavity, namely, the teeth and the most common dental diseases. Dental injury and disease in dogs is a topic of growing interest in veterinary science. The theoretical section discusses the anatomy of the head, oral cavity and teeth. It presents general knowledge of veterinary dentistry and a list of the most common oral cavity diseases. The practical section explores the suitability and the effectiveness of two prevention methods against the build-up of dental plaque, respectively, against the spread of periodontitis.
Diseases affecting the periodontium are increasingly common in dogs; they are deemed to be the most frequent diseases affecting small animals above five years of age. There are two most common periodontal diseases. The first, gingivitis, is a reversible inflammation of the gum. The second, periodontitis, is essentially irreversible without specialized treatment and often leads to loss of teeth.
The major criterion for maintaining a healthy oral cavity is prevention. Therefore, two methods of home-based prevention are compared in the practical part of the thesis. First, all patients underwent a full-scale dental treatment in a veterinary centre, that is, a comprehensive ultrasonic cleaning and polishing with dental cleaning paste. Then, ascophyllum nodosum, a seaweed also known as Norwegian kelp, was mixed within the daily food ration of half of the patients. In this way, the teeth were being cleaned passively. The second half of the patients had their teeth cleaned with Orozyme, an enzyme-formula oral hygiene gel for dogs, and this way an active teeth cleaning method was explored. Six weeks after the initial dental treatment, a dental plaque identification test was carried out in a veterinary centre. Statistical analysis of the resulting data did not signal substantial differences between the treatment with Norwegian kelp and that of using the oral gel. A combination of the two techniques is, therefore, recommended as the best prevention strategy against plaque build-up.
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The Integrated Rescue System Activity and the Protection of the Public from a Possible Importation of Highly Contagious Diseases into the Czech Republic by Air Transfer
TOUSECKÝ, Peter
At present time of modern worldwide tourism using air transport, the risk of spreading an infectious disease in the Czech Republic cannot be underestimated. Air transport has become quite common way of travelling for Czech citizens so the travel time has shortened significantly. From this viewpoint Czech residents are at potential hazard of highly infectious diseases (HID). This Diploma thesis deals with biological agents which are divided into four risk groups on the basis of patogenes, a hazard to the staff and possible treatment and prophylaxis. Each of the groups requires different level of protection against the infection and its spread. The groups are graded from 1 to 4, i.e. BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL{--}3 and BSL{--}4. Biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) poses a high individual risk of life-threatening diseases where no prevention and treatment are available. This group includes various viral hemorrhanic fevers (VHF) accompanied by heavy tissue bleeding which can be caused by philoviruses, arenaviruses, buniaviruses and flaviviruses. These virus families include viruses like Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, Junin (Argentine VHF), Machupo (Bolivian VHF), Sabia (Brazilian VHF), Guanarito (Venezuelan VHF), Rift Halley fever, Hanta virus, Variola virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and others. Even the hazard of BSL-3 biological agents with, in history well-known, Bacillus anthracis should not be ignored. The hazard of highly infectious diseases (HID) related to tourism consists in the incubation period. Tourists are infected during their stay abroad and on their way back to the Czech Republic the disease is highly developed. The HID transmission to other people confined in the space of the plane is then very simple. The attention is also paid to the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus which showed the possible ways of infection identification and population protection in the Czech Republic together with all subsequent effects.
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